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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00171_Text_res15t.txt
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1997-02-04
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Long before psychology
became a science, philosophers
debated this issue. As discussed
in Chapter 1, Berkeley took the
position that a two-
dimensional retina was
logically incapable of directly
yielding depth perception
because it could receive only a
two-dimensional image. We
must learn to gauge the
distance of things by a process
of association. Accommodation
and convergence are cues that
ultimately become reliable
signs of distance because we
reach for or move toward things
and this teaches us how to
interpret these signs. Others
emphasized inborn
characteristics of mind such as
the predisposition to locate
things in three-dimensional
space. If we did not by nature
tend to organize the perceptual
world spatially, so the
argument goes, how could we
ever learn about depth
localization?
In trying to resolve this issue
by experimentation,
psychologists have historically
encountered the same problems
they have in attempting to
discover the origins of
constancy. Except in response
to the new "habituation"
method (to be discussed in
Chapter 5), newborn animals,
human or otherwise, can only
"tell" us what they perceive
through performance on
behavioral tests of learning, of
which very immature
organisms are usually not
capable, while rearing animals
without vision until they are
mature enough to test leads to
severe deterioration of the
visual nervous system and
prevention of normal
maturation.